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for technical reasons

  • 1 for technical reasons

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > for technical reasons

  • 2 for technical reasons

    מסיבות טכניות
    * * *
    ◙ תוינכט תוביסמ◄

    English-Hebrew dictionary > for technical reasons

  • 3 for technical reasons

    om technische redenen

    English-Dutch dictionary > for technical reasons

  • 4 for technical reasons

    av tekniska skäl

    English-Swedish dictionary > for technical reasons

  • 5 interruption for technical reasons

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > interruption for technical reasons

  • 6 wells abandoned for technical reasons

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > wells abandoned for technical reasons

  • 7 interruption for technical reasons

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > interruption for technical reasons

  • 8 technical

    technical ['teknɪkəl]
    (a) (gen) & Technology technique;
    ∎ don't get technical n'emploie pas de termes trop techniques
    ∎ for technical reasons pour des raisons d'ordre technique;
    ∎ Law the judgment was quashed on a technical point le jugement a été cassé pour vice de forme ou de procédure;
    ∎ figurative it's a purely technical point ce n'est qu'un point de détail
    ►► Football technical area banc m de touche;
    technical college ≃ IUT m;
    Stock Exchange technical correction correction f d'un cours en Bourse;
    technical drawing dessin m industriel;
    technical education enseignement m technique;
    Sport technical foul faute f technique;
    British technical hitch incident m technique;
    Law technical irregularity vice m de forme ou de procédure;
    Boxing technical knockout knock-out m inv technique;
    Law technical offence quasi-délit m;
    technical school ≃ collège m technique, ≃ lycée m d'enseignement professionnel;
    Computing technical support support m technique;
    technical term terme m technique;
    technical writing rédaction f technique

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > technical

  • 9 Technical

    adjective
    1) technisch [Problem, Detail, Daten, Fortschritt]; (of particular science, art, etc.) fachlich; Fach[kenntnis, -sprache, -begriff, -wörterbuch]; (of the execution of a work of art) technisch [Fertigkeit, Schwierigkeit]

    technical expertise/expert — Sachkenntnis, die/Fachmann, der

    technical college/school — Fachhochschule, die/Fachschule, die

    explain something without being or getting too technical — etwas erklären, ohne sich zu fachsprachlich auszudrücken

    technical term — Fachbegriff, der; Fachausdruck, der; Fachterminus, der

    for technical reasons — aus technischen Gründen

    2) (Law) formaljuristisch
    3)

    technical knockout — (Boxing) technischer K.o

    * * *
    ['teknikəl]
    1) (having, or relating to, a particular science or skill, especially of a mechanical or industrial kind: a technical college; technical skill; technical drawing.) technisch
    2) ((having many terms) relating to a particular art or science: `Myopia' is a technical term for `short-sightedness'.) Fach-...
    3) (according to strict laws or rules: a technical defeat.) (rein)formel
    •
    - academic.ru/73731/technicality">technicality
    - technically
    - technician
    * * *
    tech·ni·cal
    [ˈteknɪkəl]
    1. (concerning applied science) technisch
    2. (detailed) Fach-
    some parts of the book were too \technical to follow einige Teile des Buches waren fachlich zu anspruchsvoll, als dass man hätte folgen können
    \technical aspects fachliche Aspekte
    \technical term Fachausdruck m
    3. (in technique) technisch
    \technical skill technisches Können
    4. STOCKEX technisch
    \technical analysis Fachanalyse f, technische Analyse
    \technical correction technische Kurskorrektur
    \technical decline technischer Rückgang
    * * *
    ['teknIkəl]
    adj
    1) (= concerning technology and technique) technisch

    technical hitch — technische Schwierigkeit, technisches Problem

    2) (of particular branch) fachlich, Fach-; problems, vocabulary fachspezifisch; details formal

    technical term — Fachausdruck m, Terminus technicus m (geh)

    for technical reasons (Jur) — aus verfahrenstechnischen Gründen

    the book is a bit too technical for me — in dem Buch sind mir zu viele Fachausdrücke

    he uses very technical language — er benutzt sehr viele Fachausdrücke

    a 2L 54, if you want to be technical —

    that's true, if you want to be technical — das stimmt schon, wenn mans genau nimmt

    * * *
    ASTMS abk Br Association of Scientific, Technical, and Managerial Staffs
    * * *
    adjective
    1) technisch [Problem, Detail, Daten, Fortschritt]; (of particular science, art, etc.) fachlich; Fach[kenntnis, -sprache, -begriff, -wörterbuch]; (of the execution of a work of art) technisch [Fertigkeit, Schwierigkeit]

    technical expertise/expert — Sachkenntnis, die/Fachmann, der

    technical college/school — Fachhochschule, die/Fachschule, die

    explain something without being or getting too technical — etwas erklären, ohne sich zu fachsprachlich auszudrücken

    technical term — Fachbegriff, der; Fachausdruck, der; Fachterminus, der

    2) (Law) formaljuristisch
    3)

    technical knockout — (Boxing) technischer K.o

    * * *
    adj.
    fachlich adj.
    technisch adj.

    English-german dictionary > Technical

  • 10 technical

    adjective
    1) technisch [Problem, Detail, Daten, Fortschritt]; (of particular science, art, etc.) fachlich; Fach[kenntnis, -sprache, -begriff, -wörterbuch]; (of the execution of a work of art) technisch [Fertigkeit, Schwierigkeit]

    technical expertise/expert — Sachkenntnis, die/Fachmann, der

    technical college/school — Fachhochschule, die/Fachschule, die

    explain something without being or getting too technical — etwas erklären, ohne sich zu fachsprachlich auszudrücken

    technical term — Fachbegriff, der; Fachausdruck, der; Fachterminus, der

    for technical reasons — aus technischen Gründen

    2) (Law) formaljuristisch
    3)

    technical knockout — (Boxing) technischer K.o

    * * *
    ['teknikəl]
    1) (having, or relating to, a particular science or skill, especially of a mechanical or industrial kind: a technical college; technical skill; technical drawing.) technisch
    2) ((having many terms) relating to a particular art or science: `Myopia' is a technical term for `short-sightedness'.) Fach-...
    3) (according to strict laws or rules: a technical defeat.) (rein)formel
    •
    - academic.ru/73731/technicality">technicality
    - technically
    - technician
    * * *
    tech·ni·cal
    [ˈteknɪkəl]
    1. (concerning applied science) technisch
    2. (detailed) Fach-
    some parts of the book were too \technical to follow einige Teile des Buches waren fachlich zu anspruchsvoll, als dass man hätte folgen können
    \technical aspects fachliche Aspekte
    \technical term Fachausdruck m
    3. (in technique) technisch
    \technical skill technisches Können
    4. STOCKEX technisch
    \technical analysis Fachanalyse f, technische Analyse
    \technical correction technische Kurskorrektur
    \technical decline technischer Rückgang
    * * *
    ['teknIkəl]
    adj
    1) (= concerning technology and technique) technisch

    technical hitch — technische Schwierigkeit, technisches Problem

    2) (of particular branch) fachlich, Fach-; problems, vocabulary fachspezifisch; details formal

    technical term — Fachausdruck m, Terminus technicus m (geh)

    for technical reasons (Jur) — aus verfahrenstechnischen Gründen

    the book is a bit too technical for me — in dem Buch sind mir zu viele Fachausdrücke

    he uses very technical language — er benutzt sehr viele Fachausdrücke

    a 2L 54, if you want to be technical —

    that's true, if you want to be technical — das stimmt schon, wenn mans genau nimmt

    * * *
    technical [ˈteknıkl] adj (adv → technically)
    1. allg technisch:
    b) engS. betriebs-, verfahrenstechnisch (Daten etc):
    technical department technische Betriebsabteilung;
    technical director technische(r) Leiter(in)
    c) das Technische eines Fachgebiets, eines Kunstzweigs, einer Sportart betreffend:
    technical merit (Eis-, Rollkunstlauf) technischer Wert;
    technical skill technisches Geschick, gute Technik
    technical college bes Br Fachhochschule f;
    technical drawing SCHULE technisches Zeichnen
    e) fachmännisch, fachgemäß, Fach…, Spezial…:
    technical dictionary Fachwörterbuch n;
    technical man Fachmann m;
    technical staff (auch als pl konstruiert) technisches Personal, Fachpersonal n;
    technical term Terminus m technicus, Fachausdruck m
    2. fig technisch:
    a) sachlich
    b) rein formal, theoretisch:
    technical foul (Basketball) technisches Foul;
    technical knockout (Boxen) technischer K.o.;
    on technical grounds JUR aus formaljuristischen oder (verfahrens)technischen Gründen
    3. WIRTSCH manipuliert (Markt, Preise)
    tech. abk
    1. technical techn.
    * * *
    adjective
    1) technisch [Problem, Detail, Daten, Fortschritt]; (of particular science, art, etc.) fachlich; Fach[kenntnis, -sprache, -begriff, -wörterbuch]; (of the execution of a work of art) technisch [Fertigkeit, Schwierigkeit]

    technical expertise/expert — Sachkenntnis, die/Fachmann, der

    technical college/school — Fachhochschule, die/Fachschule, die

    explain something without being or getting too technical — etwas erklären, ohne sich zu fachsprachlich auszudrücken

    technical term — Fachbegriff, der; Fachausdruck, der; Fachterminus, der

    2) (Law) formaljuristisch
    3)

    technical knockout — (Boxing) technischer K.o

    * * *
    adj.
    fachlich adj.
    technisch adj.

    English-german dictionary > technical

  • 11 technical

    'teknikəl
    1) (having, or relating to, a particular science or skill, especially of a mechanical or industrial kind: a technical college; technical skill; technical drawing.) técnico
    2) ((having many terms) relating to a particular art or science: `Myopia' is a technical term for `short-sightedness'.) técnico
    3) (according to strict laws or rules: a technical defeat.) técnico
    •
    - technically
    - technician
    technical adj técnico
    tr['teknɪkəl]
    1 técnico,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    technical college centro de formación profesional
    technical drawing dibujo técnico
    technical hitch fallo técnico, incidente nombre masculino técnico
    technical term tecnicismo
    technical ['tɛknɪkəl] adj
    : técnico
    ♦ technically [-kli] adv
    adj.
    • técnico, -a adj.
    'teknɪkəl
    1)
    a) (of technology, technique) <education/equipment/skill> técnico
    b) ( specialized) < languageanslator> técnico; < dictionary> técnico, especializado

    technical term — tecnicismo m, término m técnico

    ['teknɪkǝl]
    1.

    a technical offence — (Jur) un delito de carácter técnico, un cuasidelito

    the government has scored a technical victory — teóricamente, el gobierno ha logrado una victoria

    2.
    CPD

    technical college N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ escuela f politécnica, ≈ instituto m de formación profesional (Sp)

    technical drawing N — dibujo m técnico

    technical institute N — (US) instituto m tecnológico

    technical knockout N — (Boxing) K.O. m técnico

    technical support N — (Comput) (servicio m de) asistencia f técnica

    * * *
    ['teknɪkəl]
    1)
    a) (of technology, technique) <education/equipment/skill> técnico
    b) ( specialized) <language/translator> técnico; < dictionary> técnico, especializado

    technical term — tecnicismo m, término m técnico

    English-spanish dictionary > technical

  • 12 technical

    'teknikəl
    1) (having, or relating to, a particular science or skill, especially of a mechanical or industrial kind: a technical college; technical skill; technical drawing.) teknisk
    2) ((having many terms) relating to a particular art or science: `Myopia' is a technical term for `short-sightedness'.) fag-, faglig
    3) (according to strict laws or rules: a technical defeat.) formell
    •
    - technically
    - technician
    teknisk
    adj. \/ˈteknɪk(ə)l\/ eller technic
    1) teknisk
    2) fag-, faglig, fagmessig, yrkes-, yrkesrettet
    3) formell, saklig
    4) ( jus) lovlig, rettsteknisk

    English-Norwegian dictionary > technical

  • 13 reasons for the technical decision

    Кабельные производство: обоснование технического решения

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > reasons for the technical decision

  • 14 reasons for the technical decision

    English-Russian dictionary of terminology cable technology > reasons for the technical decision

  • 15 static reserves (reserves which cannot be recovered profitably for economic, technical, or marketing reasons)

    Экономика: некоммерческие запасы

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > static reserves (reserves which cannot be recovered profitably for economic, technical, or marketing reasons)

  • 16 Haddy, Arthur Charles

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1906 Newbury, Berkshire, England
    d. December 1989
    [br]
    English electronics engineer who developed Full Frequency Range Recording for the Decca Record Company and was instrumental in the development of stereo records.
    [br]
    He developed recording equipment for. the Crystallate Gramophone Company, becoming Chief Recording Engineer at Decca when Crystallate was taken over. Eventually he was made Technical Director of Decca Record Company Ltd, a position he held until 1980. The developments of good cutterheads accelerated due to contract work for the armed services during the Second World War, because an extended frequency range was needed. This necessitated the solution of the problem of surface noise, and the result became known publicly as the ffrr system. The experience gained enabled Haddy to pioneer European Long Play recording. Haddy started development of a practical stereo record system within the Decca group, and for economic reasons he eventually chose a solution developed outside his direct surveillance by Teldec. The foresight of Decca made the company an equal partner in the standards discussions during the late 1950s, when it was decided to use the American 45/45 system, which utilized the two side walls of the groove. The same foresight had led Decca to record their repertoire in stereo from 1954 in order to prepare for any commercialized distribution system. In 1967 Haddy also became responsible for cassette manufacture, which meant organizing the logistics of a tape-duplication plant.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1976.
    Bibliography
    Haddy's patents are a good description of some of his technical achievements; for example: UK patent no. 770,465 (greater playing time from a record by changing the groove pitch); UK patent no. 807,301 (using feedback to linearize a cutterhead); UK patent no. 810,106 (two-channel by simultaneous vertical and lateral modulation).
    Further Reading
    G.A.Briggs (ed.), 1961, Audio Biographies, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 157–63. H.E.Roys, "The coming of stereo", Jour. AES 25 (10/11):824–7 (an appreciation of Haddy's role in the standardization of stereo recording).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Haddy, Arthur Charles

  • 17 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany
    d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of printing with movable type.
    [br]
    Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.
    Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.
    In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.
    Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.
    Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.
    S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

  • 18 Ilgner, Karl

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 27 July 1862 Neisse, Upper Silesia (now Nysa, Poland)
    d. 18 January 1921 Berthelsdorf, Silesia
    [br]
    German electrical engineer, inventor of a transformer for electromotors.
    [br]
    Ilgner graduated from the Gewerbeakademie (the forerunner of the Technical University) in Berlin. As the representative of an electric manufacturing company in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) from 1897, he was confronted with the fact that there were no appropriate drives for hoisting-engines or rolling-plants in steelworks. Two problems prevented the use of high-capacity electric motors in the mining as well as in the iron and steel industry: the reactions of the motors on the circuit at the peak point of stress concentration; and the complicated handling of the control system which raised the risks regarding safety. Having previously been head of the department of electrical power transmission in Hannover, he was concerned with the development of low-speed direct-current motors powered by gas engines.
    It was Harry Ward Leonard's switchgear for direct-current motors (USA, 1891) that permitted sudden and exact changes in the speed and direction of rotation without causing power loss, as demonstrated in the driving of a rolling sidewalk at the Paris World Fair of 1900. Ilgner connected this switchgear to a large and heavy flywheel which accumulated the kinetic energy from the circuit in order to compensate shock loads. With this combination, electric motors did not need special circuits, which were still weak, because they were working continuously and were regulated individually, so that they could be used for driving hoisting-engines in mines, rolling-plants in steelworks or machinery for producing tools and paper. Ilgner thus made a notable advance in the general progress of electrification.
    His transformer for hoisting-engines was patented in 1901 and was commercially used inter alia by Siemens \& Halske of Berlin. Their first electrical hoisting-engine for the Zollern II/IV mine in Dortmund gained international reputation at the Düsseldorf exhibition of 1902, and is still preserved in situ in the original machine hall of the mine, which is now a national monument in Germany. Ilgner thereafter worked with several companies to pursue his conception, became a consulting engineer in Vienna and Breslau and had a government post after the First World War in Brussels and Berlin until he retired for health reasons in 1919.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1901, DRP no. 138, 387 1903, "Der elektrische Antrieb von Reversier-Walzenstraßen", Stahl und Eisen 23:769– 71.
    Further Reading
    W.Kroker, "Karl Ilgner", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. X, pp. 134–5. W.Philippi, 1924, Elektrizität im Bergbau, Leipzig (a general account).
    K.Warmbold, 1925, "Der Ilgner-Umformer in Förderanlagen", Kohle und Erz 22:1031–36 (a detailed description).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Ilgner, Karl

  • 19 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

  • 20 Wöhler, August

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 22 June 1819 Soltau, Germany
    d. 21 June 1914 Hannover, Germany
    [br]
    German railway engineer who first established the fatigue fracture of metals.
    [br]
    Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.
    In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.
    Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.
    Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1855, "Theorie rechteckiger eiserner Brückenbalken", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 5:122–66. 1870, "Über die Festigkeitversuche mit Eisen und Stahl", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 20:73– 106.
    Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals were reported in Engineering (1867) 2:160; (1871) 11:199–200, 222, 243–4, 261, 299–300, 326–7, 349–50, 397, 439–41.
    Further Reading
    R.Blaum, 1918, "August Wöhler", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie 8:35–55.
    ——1925, "August Wöhler", Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I, Stuttgart, pp. 103–7.
    K.Pearson, 1890, "On Wöhler's experiments on alternating stress", Messeng. Math.
    20:21–37.
    J.Gilchrist, 1900, "On Wöhler's Laws", Engineer 90:203–4.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Wöhler, August

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